# 机器学习::文本特征提取（TF-IDF） - 第一部分I

This post is a延续在哪里，我们开始学习有关文本特征提取和向量空间模型表示的理论和实践的第一部分。我真的建议你阅读第一部分后一系列以遵循这个第二。

Since a lot of people liked the first part of this tutorial, this second part is a little longer than the first.

### Introduction

The tf-idf weight comes to solve this problem. What tf-idf gives is how important is a word to a document in a collection, and that’s why tf-idf incorporates local and global parameters, because it takes in consideration not only the isolated term but also the term within the document collection. What tf-idf then does to solve that problem, is to scale down the frequent terms while scaling up the rare terms; a term that occurs 10 times more than another isn’t 10 times more important than it, that’s why tf-idf uses the logarithmic scale to do that.

But let’s go back to our definition of the$\mathrm{tf}(t,d)$这实际上是长期的长期计数$Ť$在里面document$d$。The use of this simple term frequency could lead us to problems like滥用关键字，which is when we have a repeated term in a document with the purpose of improving its ranking on an IR (Information Retrieval）系统，甚至对创建长文档偏见，使他们看起来比他们只是因为手册中出现的高频更重要。

### Vector normalization

D4：我们可以看到闪亮的阳光，明亮的阳光下。

And the vector space representation using the non-normalized term-frequency of that document was:

$\ {VEC V_ {D_4}} =（0,2,1,0）$

$\displaystyle \hat{v} = \frac{\vec{v}}{\|\vec{v}\|_p}$

$\帽子{V}$is the unit vector, or the normalized vector, the$\vec{v}$在矢量将被归一化和$\|\vec{v}\|_p$是矢量的范数（大小，长度）$\vec{v}$在里面$L^p$space (don’t worry, I’m going to explain it all).

But the important question here is how the length of the vector is calculated and to understand this, you must understand the motivation of the$L^p$空间，也被称为Lebesgue spaces

### Lebesgue spaces

Usually, the length of a vector$\vec{u} = (u_1, u_2, u_3, \ldots, u_n)$is calculated using theEuclidean norm-a norm is a function that assigns a strictly positive length or size to all vectors in a vector space-, which is defined by:

$\ | \ VEC【U} \ |= \ SQRT【U ^ 2_1 + U ^ 2_2 + U ^ 2_3 + \ ldots + U ^ 2_n}$

$\的DisplayStyle \ | \ VEC【U} \ | _p =（\左| U_1 \右| ^ P + \左| U_2 \右| ^ P + \左| U_3 \右| ^ P + \ ldots + \左|u_n \右| ^ p）^ \压裂{1} {p}$

and simplified as:

$\的DisplayStyle \ | \ VEC【U} \ | _p =（\总和\ limits_ {I = 1} ^ {N} \左| \ VEC {U】_i \右| ^ P）^ \压裂{1} {P}$

When you read about aL1-norm，you’re reading about the norm with$P = 1$， 定义为：

$\的DisplayStyle \ | \ VEC【U} \ | _1 =（\左| U_1 \右| + \左| U_2 \右| + \左| U_3 \右| + \ ldots + \左| u_n \右|）$

Which is nothing more than a simple sum of the components of the vector, also known as出租汽车距离，also called Manhattan distance.

Source:维基百科::出租车通用电气ometry

Note that you can also use any norm to normalize the vector, but we’re going to use the most common norm, the L2-Norm, which is also the default in the 0.9 release of thescikits.learn。You can also find papers comparing the performance of the two approaches among other methods to normalize the document vector, actually you can use any other method, but you have to be concise, once you’ve used a norm, you have to use it for the whole process directly involving the norm (即所使用的L1范数的单位矢量是不会具有长度1，如果你要以后采取其L2范数).

### Back to vector normalization

$\帽子{V}= \frac{\vec{v}}{\|\vec{v}\|_p} \\ \\ \hat{v_{d_4}} = \frac{\vec{v_{d_4}}}{||\vec{v_{d_4}}||_2} \\ \\ \\ \hat{v_{d_4}} = \frac{(0,2,1,0)}{\sqrt{0^2 + 2^2 + 1^2 + 0^2}} \\ \\ \hat{v_{d_4}} = \frac{(0,2,1,0)}{\sqrt{5}} \\ \\ \small \hat{v_{d_4}} = (0.0, 0.89442719, 0.4472136, 0.0)$

And that is it ! Our normalized vector$\ {帽子V_ {D_4}}$has now a L2-norm$\ | \帽子{V_ {D_4}} \ | _2 = 1.0$

### 术语频率 - 逆文档频率（TF-IDF）重量

Now you have understood how the vector normalization works in theory and practice, let’s continue our tutorial. Suppose you have the following documents in your collection (taken from the first part of tutorial):

火车文档集：D1：天空是蓝色的。D2：阳光灿烂。测试文档集：D3：在天空，阳光灿烂。D4：我们可以看到闪亮的阳光，明亮的阳光下。

Your document space can be defined then as$D = \{ d_1, d_2, \ldots, d_n \}$where$ñ$is the number of documents in your corpus, and in our case as$D_ {火车} = \ {D_1，D_2 \}$and$D_ {测试} = \ {D_3，D_4 \}$。我们的文档空间的基数被定义$\left|{D_{train}}\right| = 2$and$\左| {{D_测试}} \右|= 2$，since we have only 2 two documents for training and testing, but they obviously don’t need to have the same cardinality.

Let’s see now, how idf (inverse document frequency) is then defined:

$\的DisplayStyle \ mathrm {IDF}（T）= \日志{\压裂{\左| d \右|} {1+ \左| \ {d：吨\在d \} \右|}}$

where$\左| \ {d：T \在d \} \右|$is the文件数其中术语$Ť$appears, when the term-frequency function satisfies$\ mathrm {TF}（T，d）\ 0 NEQ$，我们只加1代入公式，以避免零分。

$\ mathrm {TF \ MBOX { - } IDF}（T）= \ mathrm {TF}（T，d）\倍\ mathrm {IDF}（t）的$

$M_{train} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 1 & 1\\ 0 & 2 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$

$\mathrm{idf}(t_1) = \log{\frac{\left|D\right|}{1+\left|\{d : t_1 \in d\}\right|}} = \log{\frac{2}{1}} = 0.69314718$

$\ mathrm {IDF}（T_2）= \日志{\压裂{\左| d \右|} {1+ \左| \ {d：T_2 \在d \} \右|}} = \日志{\压裂{2} {3}} = -0.40546511$

$\ mathrm {IDF}（t_3处）= \日志{\压裂{\左| d \右|} {1+ \左| \ {d：t_3处\在d \} \右|}} = \日志{\压裂{2} {3}} = -0.40546511$

$\ mathrm {IDF}（T_4）= \log{\frac{\left|D\right|}{1+\left|\{d : t_4 \in d\}\right|}} = \log{\frac{2}{2}} = 0.0$

These idf weights can be represented by a vector as:

$\ {VEC {idf_列车}} =（0.69314718，-0.40546511，-0.40546511，0.0）$

$M_{idf} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.69314718 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & -0.40546511 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & -0.40546511 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$

$M_ {TF \ MBOX { - } IDF} = M_ {火车} \倍M_ {IDF}$

$\begin{bmatrix} \mathrm{tf}(t_1, d_1) & \mathrm{tf}(t_2, d_1) & \mathrm{tf}(t_3, d_1) & \mathrm{tf}(t_4, d_1)\\ \mathrm{tf}(t_1, d_2) & \mathrm{tf}(t_2, d_2) & \mathrm{tf}(t_3, d_2) & \mathrm{tf}(t_4, d_2) \end{bmatrix} \times \begin{bmatrix} \mathrm{idf}(t_1) & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \mathrm{idf}(t_2) & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \mathrm{idf}(t_3) & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \mathrm{idf}(t_4) \end{bmatrix} \\ = \begin{bmatrix} \mathrm{tf}(t_1, d_1) \times \mathrm{idf}(t_1) & \mathrm{tf}(t_2, d_1) \times \mathrm{idf}(t_2) & \mathrm{tf}(t_3, d_1) \times \mathrm{idf}(t_3) & \mathrm{tf}(t_4, d_1) \times \mathrm{idf}(t_4)\\ \mathrm{tf}(t_1, d_2) \times \mathrm{idf}(t_1) & \mathrm{tf}(t_2, d_2) \times \mathrm{idf}(t_2) & \mathrm{tf}(t_3, d_2) \times \mathrm{idf}(t_3) & \mathrm{tf}(t_4, d_2) \times \mathrm{idf}(t_4) \end{bmatrix}$

Let’s see now a concrete example of this multiplication:

$M_ {TF \ MBOX { - } IDF} = M_ {火车} \倍M_ {IDF}= \\ \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 1 & 1\\ 0 & 2 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \times \begin{bmatrix} 0.69314718 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & -0.40546511 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & -0.40546511 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \\ = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -0.40546511 & -0.40546511 & 0\\ 0 & -0.81093022 & -0.40546511 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$

$M_ {TF \ MBOX { - }} IDF= \frac{M_{tf\mbox{-}idf}}{\|M_{tf\mbox{-}idf}\|_2}$ $= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -0.70710678 & -0.70710678 & 0\\ 0 & -0.89442719 & -0.4472136 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$

And that is our pretty normalized tf-idf weight of our testing document set, which is actually a collection of unit vectors. If you take the L2-norm of each row of the matrix, you’ll see that they all have a L2-norm of 1.

### Python的实践

Environment UsedPython的v.2.7.2NumPy的1.6.1SciPy的v.0.9.0Sklearn (Scikits.learn) v.0.9

从sklearn.feature_extraction.text进口CountVectorizer train_set =（“天空是蓝色的。”，“阳光灿烂”。）TEST_SET =（“在天空中的太阳是光明的。”，“我们可以看到闪耀的太阳，。明亮的太阳“）count_vectorizer = CountVectorizer（）count_vectorizer.fit_transform（train_set）打印 ”词汇“，count_vectorizer.vocabulary＃词汇：{ '蓝'：0， '太阳'：1， '鲜艳'：2 '天空'：3} freq_term_matrix = count_vectorizer.transform（TEST_SET）打印freq_term_matrix.todense（）＃[[0 1 1 1]＃[0 2 1 0]]

Now that we have the frequency term matrix (calledfreq_term_matrix), we can instantiate theTfidfTransformer，which is going to be responsible to calculate the tf-idf weights for our term frequency matrix:

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfTransformer tfidf = TfidfTransformer(norm="l2") tfidf.fit(freq_term_matrix) print "IDF:", tfidf.idf_ # IDF: [ 0.69314718 -0.40546511 -0.40546511 0. ]

tf_idf_matrix = tfidf.transform（freq_term_matrix）打印tf_idf_matrix.todense（）＃[[0 -0.70710678 -0.70710678 0]＃[0 -0.89442719 -0.4472136 0]]

I really hope you liked the post, I tried to make it simple as possible even for people without the required mathematical background of linear algebra, etc. In the next Machine Learning post I’m expecting to show how you can use the tf-idf to calculate the cosine similarity.

If you liked it, feel free to comment and make suggestions, corrections, etc.

### 参考

Wikipedia :: tf-idf

Sklearn文本特征提取码

2015年3月13日-Formating, fixed images issues.

## 103 thoughts to “Machine Learning :: Text feature extraction (tf-idf) – Part II”

1. Severtcev says:

哇！
Perfect intro in tf-idf, thank you very much! Very interesting, I’ve wanted to study this field for a long time and you posts it is a real gift. It would be very interesting to read more about use-cases of the technique. And may be you’ll be interested, please, to shed some light on other methods of text corpus representation, if they exists?
(sorry for bad English, I’m working to improve it, but there is still a lot of job to do)

2. Excellent work Christian! I am looking forward to reading your next posts on document classification, clustering and topics extraction with Naive Bayes, Stochastic Gradient Descent, Minibatch-k-Means and Non Negative Matrix factorization

Also, the documentation of scikit-learn is really poor on the text feature extraction part (I am the main culprit…). Don’t hesitate to join the mailing list if you want to give a hand and improve upon the current situation.

1. Great thanks Olivier. I really want to help sklearn, I just have to get some more time to do that, you guys have done a great work, I’m really impressed by the amount of algorithms already implemented in the lib, keep the good work !

3. I like this tutorial better for the level of new concepts i am learning here.
这就是说，学习scikits您正在使用哪个版本？
最新通过的easy_install安装似乎有不同的模块层次结构（即没有找到sklearn feature_extraction）。如果你能提到你使用的版本，我只是尝试用这些例子。

1. Hello Anand, I’m glad you liked it. I’ve added the information about the environment used just before the section “Python practice”, I’m using the scikits.learn 0.9 (released a few weeks ago).

4. siamii says:

哪里是第3部分？我必须提交在4天内向量空间模型的分配。把它在周末的希望吗？

1. 我没有时间来发布它，因为我没有任何时间来写吧=（

5. Niu says:

再次感谢这个完整和明确的教程和我在等待即将到来的部分。

6. 吴季刚 says:

由于基督徒！与s亚洲金博宝klearn向量空间很不错的工作。我只有一个问题，假设我已经计算了“tf_idf_matrix”，我想计算成对余弦相似性（每行之间）。我是有问题的稀疏矩阵格式，你可以请给出这样的例子？也是我的基质是相当大的，由60K说25K。非常感谢！

7. 哈立德 says:

伟大的职位......我明白了什么TF-IDF以及如何与一个具体的例子实施。但我发现2周的事情，我不知道：
1- You called the 2 dimensional matrix M_train, but it has the tf values of the D3 and D4 documents, so you should’ve called that matrix M_test instead of M_train. Because D3 and D4 are our test documents.
2 - 当你计算IDF值的T2（这是“太阳”），它应该是日志（2/4）。因为文件的数目是2 D3有词“太阳” 1次，D4有它的2倍。这使得3，但是我们也加1到值摆脱0分的问题。这使得4 ...我说得对不对还是我失去了一些东西？
谢谢。

1. 胜利者ia says:

You are correct: these are excellent blog articles, but the author REALLY has a duty/responsibility to go back and correct errors, like this (and others, e.g. Part 1; …): missing training underscores; setting the stop_words parameter; also on my computer, the vocabulary indexing is different.

As much as we appreciate the effort (kudos to the author!), it is also a significant disservice to those who struggle past those (uncorrected) errors in the original material.

1. 胜利者ia says:

re: my ‘you are correct comment’ (above), I should have added:

“… noting also Frédérique Passot’s comment (below) regarding the denominator:

‘… what we are using is really the number of documents in which a term occurs, regardless of the number of times the term occurs in any given document. In this case, then, the denominator in the idf value for t2 (‘sun’) is indeed 2+1 (2 documents have the term ‘sun’, +1 to avoid a potential zero division error).’ “

2. Yeshwant says:

哈立德，
这是一个很古老的问题的答复。亚洲金博宝不过，我还是想回应沟通一下我从文章中了解。
你的问题2：“当你计算IDF值的T2（这是‘太阳’），它应该是日志（2/4）”
My understanding: The denominator in log term should be (number of documents in which the term appears + 1) and not frequency of the term. The number of documents the term “Sun” appears is 2 (1 time in D3 and 2 times in D4 — totally it appears 3 times in two documents. 3 is frequency and 2 is number of documents). Hence the denominator is 2 + 1 = 3.

8. arzu says:

Ťhanks… excellent post…

9. 插口 says:

优秀的帖子！
我有一些问题。从上个TF-IDF权重矩阵，我们怎么能拿到各自任期的重要性（例如，这是最重要的用语？）。我们如何利用这个矩阵文件进行分类

10. Thanuj says:

非常感谢。你在这样一个简单的方法来解释它。这是非常有用的。再次感谢了很多。

11. Thanuj says:

I have same doubt as Jack(last comment). From the last tf-idf weight matrix, how can we get the importance of term respectively(e.g. which is the most important term?). How can we use this matrix to classify documents.

12. 丁丁 says:

I have a question..
在TF-IDF操作后，我们得到与值的numpy的阵列。假设我们需要从阵列中获得最高50个值。我们怎样才能做到这一点？

1. 阿什温sudhini says:

high value of f(idf) denotes that the particular vector(or Document) has high local strength and low global strength, in which case you can assume that the terms in it has high significance locally and cant be ignored. Comparing against funtion(tf) where only the term repeats high number of times are the ones given more importance,which most of the times is not a proper modelling technique.

13. 维克拉姆Bakhtiani says:

嘿，
Thanx fr d code..was very helpful indeed !

1.适用于文档聚类，计算反相的术语频率之后，shud我使用任何关联性系数等Jaccards系数，然后应用聚类算法中像k均值或shud我计算反转术语频率后直接适用d k均值到文档向量？

2. How do u rate inverted term frequency for calcuating document vectors for document clustering ?

谢谢a ton fr the forth coming reply!

14. @Khalid: what you’re pointing out in 1- got me confused too for a minute (M_train vs M_test). I think you are mistaken on your second point, though, because what we are using is really the number of documents in which a term occurs, regardless of the number of times the term occurs in any given document. In this case, then, the denominator in the idf value for t2 (“sun”) is indeed 2+1 (2 documents have the term “sun”, +1 to avoid a potential zero division error).

I’d love to read the third installment of this series too! I’d be particularly interested in learning more about feature selection. Is there an idiomatic way to get a sorted list of the terms with the highest tf.idf scores? How would you identify those terms overall? How would you get the terms which are the most responsible for a high or low cosine similarity (row by row)?

谢谢你的帖子_美好的_！

1. Varghese表示邦妮 says:

Should idf(t2) be log 2/4 ?

15. Matthys Meintjes says:

优秀文章和一个伟大的介绍TD-IDF正常化。

You have a very clear and structured way of explaining these difficult concepts.

谢谢！

1. 谢谢for the feedback Matthys, I’m glad you liked the tutorial series.

1. PARAM says:

亚洲金博宝很不错的＆infomative教程...。请相关的上传文档聚类过程更多的教程。

16. 洛朗 says:

Excellent article ! Thank you Christian. You did a great job.

17. 加文·伊戈尔 says:

Can you provide any reference for doing cosine similarity using tfidf so we have the matrix of tf-idf how can we use that to calculate cosine. Thanks for fantastic article.

18. 薰衣草 says:

非常感谢这和彻底解释整个TF-IDF的事情。

1. 谢谢for the feedback, I’m glad you liked the tutorial series.

19. Please correct me if i’m worng
与启动后的公式“我们在第一个教程中计算出的频率：”应该不MTEST Mtrain。也开始“这些IDF权重可以由矢量作为表示后：”应该是不idf_test idf_train。

Btw great series, can you give an simple approach for how to implement classification?

20. 迪夫亚 says:

Excellent it really helped me get through the concept of VSM and tf-idf. Thanks Christian

21. 塞尔吉奥 says:

Very good post. Congrats!!

显示你的结果，我有个问题：

成比例的TF-IDF值增加到的次数的字出现在文档中，但是通过在语料库中的字，这有助于控制的事实，一些词语通常比另一些更常见的频率偏移。

When I read it, I understand that if a word apperars in all documents is less important that a word that only appears in one document:

However, in the results, the word “sun” or “bright” are most important than “sky”.

我不知道的完全地理解它。

22. Awesome! Explains TF-IDF very well. Waiting eagerly for your next post.

23. awesome work with a clear cut explanation . Even a layman can easily understand the subject..

24. 苏珊 says:

了不起！我以前熟悉的TF-IDF，但我发现你scikits例子有益，因为我想学习那个包。

25. 谢谢你写这么详细的职位。我学会了配发。

26. 尤金Chinveeraphan says:

优秀的帖子！一次偶然的机会找上CountVectorizer更多信息，无意中发现了这一点，但我很高兴我通过两个您的文章（第1部分和第2部分）的读取。

现在用书签您的博客

1. 为回馈尤金十分感谢，我真的很高兴你喜欢这个系列教程。

27. me says:

似乎没有fit_transform（）为你描述..
任何想法，为什么？
>>> TS
（“天空是蓝色的”，“阳光灿烂”）
>>> V7 = CountVectorizer（）
>>> v7.fit_transform（TS）
<2×2型的稀疏矩阵“”
用4个存储元件在坐标格式>
>>> print v7.vocabulary_
{u'is’：0，u'the”：1}

1. Ash says:

其实，还有第一个Python样本中的两个小错误。
1. CountVectorizer should be instantiated like so:
count_vectorizer = CountVectorizer（STOP_WORDS = '英语'）
这将确保“是”，“的”等被删除。

2.要打印的词汇，你必须在末尾添加下划线。
print "Vocabulary:", count_vectorizer.vocabulary_

Excellent tutorial, just small things. hoep it helps others.

1. Drogo says:

由于灰。虽然文章是相当自我解释的，您的评论使整个差异。

28. 约翰·凯尔文 says:

我喜欢你的文章。

29. I’m using scikit learn v .14. Is there any reason my results for running the exact same code would result in different results?

30. Karthik says:

感谢您抽出时间来写这篇文章。发现它非常有用。亚洲金博宝

31. Vijay says:

它的有用... ..thank你解释非常精心的TD_IDF ..亚洲金博宝

32. 麦克风 says:

感谢伟大的解释。

I have a question about calculation of the idf(t#).
In the first case, you wrote idf(t1) = log(2/1), because we don’t have such term in our collection, thus, we add 1 to the denominator. Now, in case t2, you wrote log(2/3), why the denominator is equal to 3 and not to 4 (=1+2+1)? In case t3, you write: log(2/3), thus the denominator is equal 3 (=1+1+1). I see here kind of inconsistency. Could you, please, explain, how did calculate the denominator value.

谢谢。

1. Hello Mike, thanks for the feedback. You’re right, I just haven’t fixed it yet due to lack of time to review it and recalculate the values.

2. xpsycho says:

You got it wrong, in the denominator you don’t put the sum of the term in each document, you just sum all the documents that have at least one aparition of the term.

3. mik says:

yes, I had the same question…

33. huda says:

这是一个好职位

34. huda says:

it is good if you can provide way to know how use ft-idf in classification of document. I see that example (python code) but if there is algorithm that is best because no all people can understand this language.

谢谢

35. Ganesh神 says:

伟大的职位，真正帮助我理解了TF-IDF的概念！

36. Samuel Kahn says:

好贴

37. Nice. An explanation helps put things into perspective. Is tf-idf a good way to do clustering (e.g. use Jaccard analysis or variance against the average set from a known corpus)?

Keep writing:)

38. 尼普雷姆 says:

嗨基督徒，

这让我非常兴奋和幸运，读亚洲金博宝这篇文章。你理解的清晰反映了文件的清晰度。这让我重拾我的信心在机器学习领域。

由于一吨为美丽的解释。

Would like to read more from you.

谢谢，

1. 大感谢那种wors尼！我很高兴亚洲金博宝你喜欢本系列教程。

39. esra'a ok says:

非常感谢你非常，非常亚洲金博宝美妙的和有用的。

40. Arne says:

谢谢你的良好的收官之作。你提到一些这比较L1和L2规范的论文，我计划研究，多一点深入。你还知道他们的名字？

41. seher says:

我如何能计算TF IDF为自己的文本文件，它位于一些地方在我的电脑？

42. Shubham says:

辉煌的文章。

到目前为止TF-TDF的最简单，最完善的解释，我读过。我真的很喜欢你如何解释数学后面。

43. mehrab says:

superb article for newbies

1. Dayananda says:

Excellent material. Excellent!!!

44. 起重机 says:

嗨，伟大的职位！我使用的是TfidVectorizer模块scikit学习产生与规范= L2的TF-IDF矩阵。我把它叫做tfidf_matrix语料的fit_transform后，我一直在检查TfidfVectorizer的输出。我总结了行，但他们并不总和为1的代码是VECT = TfidfVectorizer（use_idf =真，sublunar_tf =真，规范=” L2）。tfidf_matrix = vect.fit_transform（数据）。当我运行tfidf_matrix.sum（轴= 1）的载体是大于1也许我看错矩阵或我误解如何正常化的作品。我希望有人能澄清这一点！谢谢

45. Chris says:

我能问你的时候计算的IDF，例如日志（2/1），你用日志基地10（E）或其他一些价值？我得到不同的计算！

46. Gonzalo G says:

伟大的教程,刚开始一份新工作在毫升和this explains things very clearly as it should be.

47. Harsimranpal says:

Execellent帖子...。！非常感谢这篇文章。

But I need more information, As you show the practical with python, Can you provide it with JAVA language..

48. Sebastian says:

我有点困惑为什么tf-idf negative numbers in this case? How do we interpret them? Correct me if I am wrong, but when the vector has a positive value, it means that the magnitude of that component determines how important that word is in that document. If the it is negative, I don’t know how to interpret it. If I were to take the dot product of a vector with all positive components and one with negative components, it would mean that some components may contribute negatively to the dot product even though on of the vectors has very high importance for a particular word.

49. Hi,
谢谢so much for this detailed explanation on this topic, really great. Anyway, could you give me a hint what could be the source of my error that I am keep on seeing:

freq_term_matrix = count_vectorizer.transform（TEST_SET）
AttributeError的：“矩阵”对象没有属性“变换”

Am I using a wrong version of sklearn?

50. Mohit Gupta says:

Awesome simple and effective explaination.Please post more topics with such awesome explainations.Looking forward for upcoming articles.
谢谢

51. 亚历山德罗 says:

谢谢克里斯，你是唯一一个谁是明确了对角矩阵在网络上。

52. ishpreet says:

Great tutorial for Tf-Idf. Excellent work . Please add for cosine similarity also:)

53. sherlockatsz says:

我明白了TF-IDF计算处理。不过这是什么矩阵均值，以及我们如何使用TFIDF矩阵计算相似度让我困惑。你能解释一下，我们如何利用TFIDF矩阵.thanks

54. lightningstrike says:

55. 匿名 says:

Ťhanks, nice post, I’m trying it out

56. 匿名 says:

非常感谢您对这样一个惊人的详细的解释！

57. Akanksha潘德 says:

最好的解释..非常有帮助。亚洲金博宝你能告诉我如何绘制矢量文本分类的SVM ..我在微博分类工作。我很困惑，请帮助我。

58. 科希克 says:

我学到了很多东西。由于基督教。期待你的下一个教程。

59. Mhr says:

您好，我很抱歉，如果我有错，但我不明白是怎么|| VD4 || 2 = 1。
D4 =的值（0.0，0.89,0.44,0.0），因此归一化将是= SQRT（正方形（0.89）+平方（0.44））= SQRT（0.193）= 0.44

60. 李催情 says:

Hi, it is a great blog!
If I need to do bi-gram cases, how can I use sklearn to finish it?

61. 阿里 says:

这是非常大的亚洲金博宝。我喜欢你教。亚洲金博宝非常非常棒

62. 仅限Ritesh says:

I am not getting same result, when i am executing the same script.
打印（“IDF：”，tfidf.idf_）：IDF：[2.09861229 1. 1.40546511 1]

My python version is: 3.5
Scikit了解的版本是：o.18.1

what does i need to change? what might be the possible error?

Ťhanks,

1. 它可以是很多东西，因为你使用的是不同的Python解释器的版本也不同Scikit-学习版，你应该会在结果的差异，因为他们可能已经改变了默认参数，算法，圆等

1. Ravithej Chikkala says:

I am also getting: IDF: [2.09861229 1. 1.40546511 1. ]

63. 胜利者 says:

完美的介绍！
没有骗人把戏。清晰简单的，随着技术的应。
亚洲金博宝非常有帮助
Thank you very much.
请发帖！

64. 亚太区首席技术官Matt南卡尼 says:

Why is |D| = 2, in the idf equation. Shouldn’t it be 4 since |D| denotes the number of documents considered, and we have 2 from test, 2 from train.

65. LÊ VĂN HẠNH says:

This post is interesting. I like this post…

66. Bren says:

明确的，重点突出的解释... .great

67. Shipika辛格 says:

哎，HII基督教
您的文章是真正帮助我了解从基础TFD-IDF。我在分类的一个项目，其中我使用向量空间模型，这导致在确定类别在我的测试文档应该存在。机器学习的一部分。如果你认为我有关的东西这将是巨大的。我被困在这一点上。
谢谢

68. Eshwar S G says:

看到这个例子就知道如何使用它的文本分类过程。“这个”链接不起作用了。能否请您提供相关链接，例如。

谢谢

69. 阿曼达 says:

这样一个伟大的解释！谢谢！

70. 另类投资 says:

wow, awesome post.Much thanks again. Will read on

也就是说，如果你有一个很好的post.Really谢谢！太棒了。

72. togel在线 says:

哇，伟大的文章post.Much再次感谢。真棒。

73. 手机电脑 says:

74. chocopie says:

1vbXlh You have brought up a very wonderful details , appreciate it for the post.

75. I know this site provides quality based articles or
reviews and additional data, is there any other web page which presents these kinds of
information in quality?

76. Rousse says:

In the first example. idf(t1), the log (2/1) = 0.3010 by the calculator. Why they obtained 0.69.. Please What is wrong?